Christy Cael

Weakness, poor mobility, or lack of control of the fibularis longus and other ankle muscles may contribute to injuries such as lateral ankle sprains or chronic conditions such as tendinitis, shin splints, or plantar fasciitis.

Functionally, the spinalis and other erector spinae muscles provide broader stabilization and movement than the deeper transversospinalis group. Together, the erector spinae and transversospinalis groups maintain upright posture of the spine against gravity.

The hip joint, and more specifically the coxal joint, is formed by the articulation of the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis. This joint serves as a bridge—let's learn its mechanics and movements.

The thoracic outlet generally describes the pathway of the brachial plexus and subclavian artery and vein through the lateral neck, anterior shoulder girdle, and into the upper extremity.

The popliteal fossa generally describes the diamond-shaped depression on the posterior knee where the distal thigh joins the proximal leg. Let's look at this muscle's relationship with others.

The infraspinatus is one of four muscles that make up the rotator cuff and is an essential component for shoulder movements such as pitching and hitting overhead. Imbalances often develop between the powerful internal rotators of the shoulder.