Christy Cael

Weakness, poor mobility, or lack of control of the fibularis longus and other ankle muscles may contribute to injuries such as lateral ankle sprains or chronic conditions such as tendinitis, shin splints, or plantar fasciitis.

Functionally, the spinalis and other erector spinae muscles provide broader stabilization and movement than the deeper transversospinalis group. Together, the erector spinae and transversospinalis groups maintain upright posture of the spine against gravity.

The supraspinatus is one of four muscles of the shoulder that make up the rotator cuff. These four muscles surround and function as a unit to stabilize the humeral head. Without the rotator cuff stabilizing this ball-and-socket joint, chaos would ensue.

What are "levers"? Levers are rigid devices that transmit or modify forces to create movement. Recognizing the different types of levers in the human body can help inform treatment goals.

The hip joint, and more specifically the coxal joint, is formed by the articulation of the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis. This joint serves as a bridge—let's learn its mechanics and movements.

The thoracic outlet generally describes the pathway of the brachial plexus and subclavian artery and vein through the lateral neck, anterior shoulder girdle, and into the upper extremity.